The novel revolves around Hori Mahato, a poor farmer whose lifelong dream is to own a cow, a symbol of prosperity, respect, and religious fulfillment in village society. In his attempt to achieve this dream, Hori becomes trapped in debt and faces exploitation by landlords, moneylenders, priests, and social customs. Despite immense hardships, he struggles to maintain his dignity and support his family.

• Poverty and indebtedness of farmers
• Caste discrimination
• Exploitation by landlords and moneylenders
• The condition of women
• Social inequality and injustice
• The conflict between traditional values and modern ideas